INTRODUCTION:
Welcome to carry out a Paint and Prevent workshop! This workshop framework introduces an evidence-based, pilot-tested day of fun that combines visual arts and facts about the importance of handwashing in infection prevention.
The workshop you are about to conduct aims to teach the participants handwashing skills and knowledge. It consists of two parts: first, engaging the participants in a conversation about handwashing, and second, strengthening their memory with a painting session.
The framework was created as part of two master’s thesis projects in Global Health and Crisis Management by students in Finland. The workshops will be carried out for the first time in March 2021. The outcomes of these first workshops will be evaluated by comparing pre- and post-intervention surveys from the participants.
This is the first version of the framework. The project partners are Laurea University of Applied Sciences, Finland, and Art in Tanzania, Tanzania and Finland. This study is organized by Global Health and Crisis Management students Emmi Hamara and Noemi Watson. The research’s primary supervisor is Principal Lecturer Teija-Kaisa Aholaakko from Laurea University. The partner organisation in the study is Art in Tanzania.
- The Ten Hand washing Topics
Familiarise yourself with the ten handwashing topics on page 10 and the additional material in the links on page 12. The more you know about the issues, the better.
2. Materials
You will need a room or outdoor space that comfortably accommodates the participants and you. You may choose between having desks or having everyone sit on the floor or ground, as long as there is enough space for everyone to work on their art.
You will also need art supplies for painting or drawing, and the more, the better! The paper used should be sturdy, and there should be at least two sheets per participant. Cardboard is fine, too. A small hand soap will also be given to each participant after the workshop. The workshop typically lasts between 2 and 4 hours.
3. Structure
The workshop begins with you explaining to the participants why they are there. They have been invited to learn about handwashing skills and knowledge. Emphasise the fact that they are all there to have fun and to learn about handwashing!
All participants, including you, introduce themselves. You may ask them also if they like drawing or painting. Let everyone have a chance to speak. This may take 10 to 20 minutes.
Following this, the discussion on the ten topics will begin. The structure is simple: Bring up any of the issues by asking a leading question about the participants’ habits and knowledge. For example:
“How many of you use soap, if it’s available, when washing your hands?”
“Do you have running water available when washing your hands? Do you use it? Do your friends have access to running water?”
“Do you think it is important to wash your hands more because of the Covid-19 pandemic?”
“Who could show the correct handwashing technique?”
“How many washed their hands today before breakfast?”
“Do you like to dry your hands after washing them? Why do you think this may be important?”
“Do you think you can prevent illnesses by washing your hands?”
“Do you think your hands may be extra dirty in certain places?”
“Does anyone know how the germs get into your body from your hands?”
“What other benefits could one get from washing their hands?”
After each question, allow discussion. Encourage participants to share their opinions and thoughts. “Wrong answers” may arise, but participants will be provided with correct information in such cases. During the conversation on each topic, give the proper information at some point. The participants may come from different backgrounds, and their ideas may vary, reflecting their habits regarding the accessibility of hand-washing facilities. This is fine. The information given during the workshop should increase their knowledge to understand the importance of aiming at as good hand-washing practices as possible.
The discussion should take about 30 to 60 minutes. Ensure you review each of the ten handwashing topics.
After discussing each topic, begin painting! Introduce the task: everyone can paint or draw about their feeling or thoughts about the discussion. Give them some ideas: they could, for example, visualise a situation where they are using the correct hand-washing technique, draw pictures of germs, or paint something about their current hand-washing habits. Anything goes! Remember to provide help with using the art supplies, as well. Creating the visual art pieces may take 30 to 60 minutes or even longer, depending on the number of participants and the time allocated for the workshop.
Finally, it is time for a little art exhibition! In this part, hang or lay out the artwork on a wall, desk, or ground. Let everyone introduce what they have done and encourage discussion. There are no “wrong answers” in this part, and the artwork is not graded or critiqued. This is also a fine opportunity to provide participants with accurate information on the 10 hand washing topics if you notice anything is still misunderstood.
Last, give the participants their artwork to take home and remind them of what they have just learned!
The hand-washing topics
| Ten key items: | Identifying learning needs: | Transferrable knowledge: |
| Skills | ||
| Soap | Identifying the relevance of soap in handwashing manners. | Soap should be used every time hands are washed, to remove pathogens efficiently. |
| Timing | Identifying when washing your hands is necessary. | The correct handwashing times: Before, during, and after preparing food; before eating food; before and after caring for someone at home who is sick with vomiting or diarrhoea; before and after treating a cut or wound; after using the toilet; after changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet; after blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing; after touching an animal, animal feed, or animal waste; after handling pet food or pet treats, and after touching garbage |
| Drying | Identifying the importance of drying hands regarding infection prevention. | Hands should be dried completely dry with a clean towel after washing your hands, to prevent pathogens from attaching to the skin |
| Technique | Identifying the need to cover each part of your hands, while washing your hands. Identifying the correct order and duration of handwashing. | The correct order for handwashing is: add water, add soap, scrub, rinse, dry. Hands should be scrubbed together 20 seconds after adding soap to remove pathogens efficiently. |
| Running water | Identifying the importance of running water. | Running water is an important part of handwashing for removing pathogens and soap efficiently, also in the reduction of skin irritation from soap. It is also safer than stagnated water. Water does not have to be hot. Cool water may cause less skin irritation and is more environmentally friendly than warmer water |
| Knowledge | ||
| Preventing illness | Identifying that handwashing prevents diarrheal disease and respiratory infection related illness and deaths. | Washing hands regularly prevents respiratory infections and diarrhoeal diseases, common cold, flu and the spread of anti-microbial resistant bacteria. |
| Locating pathogens | Identifying the locations and pathogens living on one´s hands. | Most of the microbes on one´s hands live under the fingernails. Normal human flora (germs) can be dangerous in wrong places. |
| Routes of transmission | Identifying the most common ways pathogens move from hands to people | Through hands to mouth, nose and ears, as well as surfaces. |
| Global Infection prevention | Identifying the effects of handwashing in a global health aspect. | Handwashing is one of the most effective preventative method regarding infection control, and during the Covid-19 pandemic handwashing should be even more regular. Prevents antibiotic resistant pathogens. |
| Accessibility | Identifying global issues with running water and lack of soap. | 40% of the world´s population live in areas where water and soap are inaccessible. Only 19% of adolescents in Tanzania wash their hands after using toilet. |
Additional information at:
Burton, M., Cobb, E., Donachie, P., Curtis, V. & Schmidt, W-P. 2011. The effects of Handwashing with Water or Soap on Bacterial Contamination of Hands. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8(1), 97-104. https://search-proquest-com.nelli.laurea.fi/docview/854054097?pq-origsite=primo
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 2020. Hand Washing: a Family Activity. https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/handwashing-family.html
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. When and How to Wash your hands.. https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Show me the Science – How to Wash Your Hands. https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/show-me-the-science-handwashing.html#four
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Global Hand Washing Day. https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/global-handwashing-day.html
Centres of Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Show Me the Science- Why Wash your Hands. https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/why-handwashing.html
Jefferson, T., Del Mar, C., Dooley, L., Ferroni, E., Al-Ansary, L., Bawazeer, G., van Driel, M., Nair, S., Jones, M., Thorning, S. & Conly, J. 2011. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Library. https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4.full
Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children. 2017. Tanzania Mainland Global School-based Student Health Survey Country Report. https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/gshs/Tanzania_2014_GSHS_Report.pdf
National Health Services. 2019. How to wash your hands. https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-body/best-way-to-wash-your-hands/
United Nations Children’s Fund & World Health organization. 2020. Hand Hygiene for All. https://www.unicef.org/media/71776/file/Hand-hygiene-for-all-2020.pdf
World Health Organization. 2009. Hand Hygiene: Why, How and When? https://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/Hand_Hygiene_Why_How_and_When_Brochure.pdf
World Health Organization. 2018. Adolescent Health in UR Tanzania. https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2019-08/33%20UR%20Tanzania%20AH24022019.pdf
World Health Organization. 2020a. Country information. Adolescent Health. https://www.afro.who.int/countries/united-republic-tanzania
World Health Organization. 2020b. United Republic of Tanzania. Statistics. https://www.who.int/countries/tza/en/
Text and editing: Emmi Hamara 2021
Drawings and editing: Noemi Watson 2021
Theme photo: Sharon McCutcheon / Pexels.com
Cover photo: Anna Kolosyuk / Unsplash.com
For more information or feedback, contact:
Noemi Watson, RMN noemi.watson@student.laurea.fi
Emmi Hamara, RN emmi.hamara@student.laurea.fi
