By Soohyun Won – Intern at Art in Tanzania
Environmental Advocacy Program
The continent’s growth prospects are strong. However, the national governments and businesses must ensure that Indigenous people have access to alternative energy sources.”
Discussions about the climate crisis have often described the continent as a victim and innocent bystander, primarily because it contributes less than 4% to global greenhouse gas emissions. However, as the world strives to find new clean energy sources, it is increasingly complex to ignore Africa’s phenomenal potential to help the climate crisis and provide clean energy.
From the Sahara’s solar energy to its vast land wind levels, Africa has considerable potential to convert its energy resources into green hydrogen, which climate researchers believe is key to producing cleaner energy. However, there is scepticism about whether African countries can fully exploit this energy potential to benefit their citizens and whether development projects can be essential ‘extractions’.
Green Hydrogen Case
Green hydrogen is gaining attention as a promising and renewable energy source that can help mitigate the climate crisis due to its low cost, ease of storage, and low environmental impact. In addition, it can double car production, replacing diesel, coal, oil, and gas in all applications, releasing only water vapour. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and is utilised for various purposes, including automobile fuel, metal processing, fertiliser production, and food processing. However, because it is not an absolute natural resource from Earth, it takes energy to separate it, wherein an electrolysis process is essential to extract the purest form of hydrogen completely. This electrolysis process sends a strong current through the water tank (H2O), separating the molecules into two elements (hydrogen and oxygen).
When electricity comes from renewable sources, such as solar energy and wind power, hydrogen production through electrolysis does not generate greenhouse gases, making green hydrogen a renewable energy source. Given Africa’s abundant solar and wind energy, the continent has the perfect natural potential to create green hydrogen. Indeed, the International Energy Agency (IEA) announced in its ‘Africa Energy Outlook 2022’ report that Africa’s abundant renewable resources are crucial to achieving this potential.
The report stated that this potential enables the continent to produce 5,000 megatons of hydrogen per year at a cost of less than $2 per kilogram, equivalent to the world’s total energy supply. The IEA’s report also stated that Africa could produce 80 per cent of the energy needed from solar, wind, hydro, and other renewable sources by 2030.
African Continental Development
Over the past decade, various projects have been underway to produce and export green hydrogen. As an evident example, Tanzania is expected to become one of the continental leaders in green hydrogen energy due to its excellent solar, wind, and precious metal resources. Furthermore, in 2012, Tanzania announced its climate change strategy, aiming to enable the country to adapt effectively to climate change and participate in global efforts to mitigate it, while achieving sustainable development. After several revisions, Tanzania will implement various climate change response policies worth $750 million annually by 2030.
Tanzania’s climate change adaptation strategy is widely applied to water resources, coastal and marine environments, forestry, wildlife, agriculture and food security, human health, tourism, energy (water dams), industry, livestock and fisheries, infrastructure, human settlement and land use, and mitigation includes low-emission energy technology, livestock management and food improvement, efficiency in transport, mining, agriculture and waste management.
In February 2022, South Africa announced a pipeline of various green hydrogen initiatives worth approximately $17.8 billion (KRW 22.6 trillion) by 2030. On November 27, Cyril Ramaphosa, President of the African National Congress, hosted the Green Hydrogen Summit in Cape Town, inviting several world leaders, ambassadors and high commissioners. At the meeting, Ramaphosa said, “South Africa is determined to become a global leader in the field of green hydrogen.” At the same time, he estimated, “South Africa has the potential to produce 6 million to 13 million tons of green hydrogen and derivatives every year by 2050.
His announcement came after South African petrochemical giant Sasol and Luxembourg’s world-leading steelmaker, ArcelorMittal, announced a project to explore green hydrogen in October. The project included extraction from a hydrogen-producing hub and the North Cape area in Saldanha Bay. In September of the same year, Sasol worked with the Japanese company Itochu to explore Japan’s green hydrogen export projects and supply chains. The latter promised to subsidise such projects.
The project also aims to supply the European market. In January 2022, Rotterdam Port signed a memorandum of agreement, acting as “the aggregator of demand for green hydrogen in Europe.” Other European countries, such as Germany, therefore noted cooperation with South Africa in this area. The investment will undoubtedly be significant because South Africa has stated that it will require approximately $250 billion (approximately 317.125 trillion won) by 2050 to meet its long-term hydrogen production target. Other countries, including Egypt, Nigeria, and Kenya, are also in several stages of building initiatives that will be implemented over the next decade. In 2021, Namibia and Botswana also signed a memorandum of understanding with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to develop a large-scale solar power plant capable of producing green hydrogen.
Africa’s continental development and environmental change response strategy is expected to create the capacity to respond sensitively to environmental changes and serve as a springboard for new national growth, leading to economic development.
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